Bell Curve and Normal Distribution Definition

The term bell curve is used to describe the mathematical concept called normal distribution, sometimes referred to as Gaussian distribution. Bell curve refers to the bell shape that is created when a line is plotted using the data points for an item that meets the criteria of normal distribution. In a bell curve, the center contains the greatest number of a value and, therefore, it is the highest point on the arc of the line. This point is referred to the mean, but in simple terms, it is the highest number of occurrences of an element (in statistical terms, the mode). Normal Distribution The important thing to note about a normal distribution is that the curve is concentrated in the center and decreases on either side. This is significant in that the data has less of a tendency to produce unusually extreme values, called outliers, as compared to other distributions. Also, the bell curve signifies that the data is symmetrical. This means that you can create reasonable expectations as to the possibility that an outcome will lie within a range to the left or right of the center, once you have measured the amount of deviation contained in the data.This is measured in terms of standard deviations. A bell curve graph depends on two factors: the mean and the standard deviation. The mean identifies the position of the center and the standard deviation determines the height and width of the bell. For example, a large standard deviation creates a bell that is short and wide while a small standard deviation creates a tall and narrow curve. Bell Curve Probability and Standard Deviation To understand the probability factors of a normal distribution, you need to understand the following rules: The total area under the curve is equal to 1 (100%)About 68% of the area under the curve falls within one standard deviation.About 95% of the area under the curve falls within two standard deviations.About 99.7% of the area under the curve falls within three standard deviations. Items 2, 3, and 4 above are sometimes referred to as the empirical rule or the 68–95–99.7 rule. Once you determine that the data is normally distributed (bell curved) and calculate the mean and standard deviation, you can determine the probability that a single data point will fall within a given range of possibilities. Bell Curve Example A good example of a bell curve or normal distribution is the roll of two dice. The distribution is centered around the number seven and the probability decreases as you move away from the center. Here is the percent chance of the various outcomes when you roll two dice. Two: (1/36) 2.78%Three: (2/36) 5.56%Four: (3/36) 8.33%Five: (4/36) 11.11%Six: (5/36) 13.89%Seven: (6/36) 16.67% most likely outcomeEight: (5/36) 13.89%Nine: (4/36) 11.11%Ten: (3/36) 8.33%Eleven: (2/36) 5.56%Twelve: (1/36) 2.78% Normal distributions have many convenient properties, so in many cases, especially in physics and astronomy, random variations with unknown distributions are often assumed to be normal to allow for probability calculations. Although this can be a dangerous assumption, it is often a good approximation due to a surprising result known as the central limit theorem. This theorem states that the mean of any set of variants with any distribution having a finite mean and variance tends to occur in a normal distribution. Many common attributes such as test scores or height follow roughly normal distributions, with few members at the high and low ends and many in the middle. When You Shouldnt Use the Bell Curve There are some types of data that dont follow a normal distribution pattern. These data sets shouldnt be forced to try to fit a bell curve. A classic example would be student grades, which often have two modes. Other types of data that dont follow the curve include income, population growth, and mechanical failures.

Similar To Power Struggles, Even When Conversations Occur

Similar to power struggles, even when conversations occur they seem rehearsed and predictable. Fortunati describes a particular conversation in 1984 where even though the exchange does occur, the dialogue is didactic. The conversation appears forced and stimulated. Winston essentially repeats O’Brien as Winston has been conditioned to have the same mindset (Fortunati 143). In Brave New World, Bernard and Helmholtz try to have a conversation with the World Controller when he threatens to banish them from the island, but the World Controller fails to change his mind (Huxley 220). This extreme control over conversations and power struggles leads to a loss of identity. ]] The loss of identity allows individuals to fit within the†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ninety-six identical twins working ninety-six identical machines!† (Huxley 7). While this loss of identity is apparent, the measures taken to ensure this loss are equally notable. Marxism examines the a venues through which the powerful suppress the powerless, specifically techniques of dehumanization and conditioning are prevalent in dystopian literature. Brainwashing techniques are often used sneakily and unobviously to change the subconscious of individuals. â€Å"They have been brainwashed into happiness, and whenever brainwashing cannot wholly work drugs can assist . . . [problems vanish] . . . Along with indecision, suffering, human cruelty on a personal level, have been cast out creativity, independence, a sense of self. Individuality, the crux of centre of the human condition has gone† (Calder 73). As the characters lose each of these things and become increasingly conditioned, they become more dehumanized. Advertising and upbringing are forms of subconscious conditioning because when the characters are constantly surrounded by these images and ideas they start to accept them as truth (Calder 73). Dr. Bransom, in A Clockwork Orange, states â€Å"But most of the roots are Slav. Propaganda. Subliminal penetration† (Burgess 129). Bransom explains that the basis of their conditioning technique is through the subconscious. They believe that this will change the root of the problem as changing the subconscious changes feelingsShow MoreRelated1984: Governments Attempt to Control the Mind and Bodies of Its Citiz1253 Words   |  6 Pages1984: Governments Attempt to Control The Mind and Bodies of Its Citizens The novel Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell is an American classic which explores the human mind when it comes to power, corruption, control, and the ultimate utopian society. Orwell indirectly proposes that power given to the government will ultimately become corrupt and they will attempt to force all to conform to their one set standard. He also sets forth the idea that the corrupted government will attempt toRead MoreThe Between Religion And Science1651 Words   |  7 Pagestechnology, are worshipped in similar ways that the god of religion is worshipped. The machines can be perceived as gods because they are more perfect than man, and man holds God in that same light, above humanity. In The Machine Stops, the Machine not only becomes the â€Å"mother/parent† to the world, it becomes a self-fulfilled prophecy: the Machine being worshiped becomes the actual God, controlling all aspects of life. An example of this occurs during a conversation between Kuno and his mother:Read MoreAnalysis Of The General Observation Is The Narrator Of Cane1288 Words   |  6 Pagespaper, the general observation is that Toomer is the Narrator of Cane. Using a tone of authority, he narrates and judges his characters and their situations, as he links racial groups and gender through an intimacy that he shares with the reader – even when he allows his own kno wledge to be both limited and incomplete, perhaps as a caveat to his own racial views. Employing poetic strategies that introduce, enhance, and deepen the vignettes that follow them allows Toomer to suggest theme, as in â€Å"GeorgiaRead MoreSummary Of The American Dream 1682 Words   |  7 Pagesthe 1970s when both middle class pay and college graduation rates began to flat line while executive pay skyrocketed. According to Robert Reich, former Secretary of Labor under Bill Clinton, in 1978 the typical male worker made $48,302 a year while the typical 1% executive made $393,682. This was not inherently a problem, but in 2010 the male worker’s pay had actually decreased to $33,751 a year while the executive pay had increased to $1,101,089. 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Conversations pertaining to Roman Catholic immigrants often painted them as stupid or dangerous, evil people. Although many Roman Catholic immigrants appeared white, they did not practice white American Protestant ideals and so they were excluded from havingRead MoreLord Of The Flies Literary Analysis1191 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Lord of the Flies† written by William Golding and published in 1954 is an allegory and social commentary that takes place on a deserted tropical island. An island that becomes populated when a plane crashes and leaves British schoolboys stranded. The group of boys attempt to recreate the civilization they came from, by choosing a leader: Ralph but, Jack wants to lead also, which causes the boys to little by little leave civility and form into savages. The microcosm Golding creates exploresRead MoreThe Black Lives Matter Movement1431 Words   |  6 Pagesrecognition of historical consciousness by the masses. Often times because of the pure nature of social protests, people believe that the outcries by groups are in relation to specific moments, however social movements are not moments, but movements that occur in relation to moments that are often overseen and highlight oppression. The Black Lives Matter movement calls for the collective acknowledgement and public consciousness of the persistent, de-humanizing experiences that Black people face in AmericanRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Antitrust Laws Essay1384 Words   |  6 Pagesinto outcome the MRTP Act, 1969 was the governing legislation in admiration of the competition guiding principle in India. In this article we would like to through light on safety towards free competitions, advertisement and promotions, monopoly power, different acts working under antitrust etc. we also through light on different aspects on you and your customer and competitors itself. We represent clients before the Competition Commission. We also conduct due industry with respect to all mergerRead MoreThe Issues Of The Conflict1698 Words   |  7 PagesConflict is rarely unavoidable when in close relationships. As the text states, people most commonly handle conflict in one of five ways: accommodation, avoidance, collaboration, competition, or reactivity. There are positive and negative possibilities of outcomes from using any of the five approaches to handling conflict (262). Accommodation involves an individual’s abandonment of his/her own goals to the desires of the other individual, whereas avoidance, a lose-lose conflict style, involves

Anorexia3 Essay Example For Students

Anorexia3 Essay ?Anorexia is a condition that affects every part of you, your body, and your mind. In theworld that we live in, where on every magazine cover, every tv show, and even in your homeroom, you see beautiful, skinny girls that seem to have everything they want. They seem to bepopular, always happy, and have the perfect body. Many girls that are just beginning to gothrough adolescence feel that to be these perfect girls, they have to be skinny. They turn toAnorexia is a serious eating disorder, in which girls have an intense fear of becomingfat. The diagnostic criteria, although not all patients with anorexia experience thesesymptoms, are characteristics of anorexics. Anorexics have a refusal to maintain body weightat or above a minimally normal weight for age and height. Their weight loss leading tomaintenance of body weight is below 20% of the expected body weight of healthy individualsat the same age and height. Some anorexics have a distorted body image of themselves,leading them to be lieve they are fat, even if they are seriously underweight. The physical signs that can be seen or felt are dramatic weight loss in a relatively shortperiod of time, skeletal look, sunken eyes, dry, yellow, or grey skin, thinning hair, hair growthon arms, legs and other body parts in effort to keep heat in, loss of body muscle and fat,dizziness and headaches, complaints of often feeling cold, fainting spells, inability to sleep,exhaustion, and their period stopping or never startingThe psychological characteristics of anorexics may include an obsession with weightand complaining of weight problems, obsession with continuous exercise, visible foodrestriction and self-starvation, isolation and fear of eating around and with others, self-defeating statements after food consumption, low self-esteem, needing acceptance fromothers, perfectionistic personality, mood swings, and depression. Unseen dangers of an anorexic are a shrunken heart with an irregular beat, low bodytemperature, brittle bones, low blood pressure, slower pulse, and stunted growt h. Self-starvation, if not treated, eventually leads to heart and kidney disorders, organ failure, andThere are many reasons why a young girl becomes anorexic, but in many cases, thegirls are high achievers, and try to please those around them. They may be the girls you knowthat are straight-A students and have busy schedules. This perfectionistic personality leadsthem to believe that to make their family, friends, teachers, and coaches happy, they need tobe perfect, and thin. Although they seem as though they have everything going for them, theyhave low self-esteem and may not want to grow up. Many cases develop at the ages 11 or 18,the beginning and ending of adolescence, when girls at both stages are entering a new phasein life. In past cases, the typical anorexic was a white teenage girl from a middle-class goodhome. Now, anyone can suffer from anorexia, including teenage boys. Anything can trigger the girl into thinking she must be thin. Sometimes constantteasing from classmate s and peers can make a girl believe that if she were thin, nobody wouldbe making fun of her. A sexually, physically, or mentally abusive parent may trigger a girl intoThe girl starts off on a diet, usually not very serious. She will start restricting whatfoods she eats and how much. Instead of a normal 2200 calories a day diet, she may drop to1200, or 800 calories a day. When someone comments on how good she looks, or that shehas lost a few pounds, she thinks, If they think I look good now, wait until they see me 5pounds lighter, then 5 pounds lighter than that. Eventually the girl is starving herself, eatingonly very low calorie, low fat foods, such as a handful or grapes, two spoonfuls of yogurt, anda few sips of water as a meal. Soon, she gets used to being hungry, and she physicallyEating disorders are common in sports that emphasize being thin.According to a1992 American College of Sports Medicine Study, eating disorders affect nearly 62% offemales in sports such as figure skat ing, ballet, and gymnastics. Many athletes develop eating disorders to please coaches or judges. One commentfrom a coach or judge to lose a few pounds to get extra lift on a flip can cause serious damageto the athlete. In the case of Christy Henrich, at a 1988 meet, an US judge told her she wastoo fat and needed to lose weight if she wanted to make the Olympic Team. She battledanorexia and bulimia for six years. Her lowest weight was 47 pounds. On July 26, 1994, atthe age of 22, she died of multiple organ failure at a hospital. .ud668d2c997111833f2cb659105aa921d , .ud668d2c997111833f2cb659105aa921d .postImageUrl , .ud668d2c997111833f2cb659105aa921d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud668d2c997111833f2cb659105aa921d , .ud668d2c997111833f2cb659105aa921d:hover , .ud668d2c997111833f2cb659105aa921d:visited , .ud668d2c997111833f2cb659105aa921d:active { border:0!important; } .ud668d2c997111833f2cb659105aa921d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud668d2c997111833f2cb659105aa921d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud668d2c997111833f2cb659105aa921d:active , .ud668d2c997111833f2cb659105aa921d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud668d2c997111833f2cb659105aa921d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud668d2c997111833f2cb659105aa921d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud668d2c997111833f2cb659105aa921d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud668d2c997111833f2cb659105aa921d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud668d2c997111833f2cb659105aa921d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud668d2c997111833f2cb659105aa921d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud668d2c997111833f2cb659105aa921d .ud668d2c997111833f2cb659105aa921d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud668d2c997111833f2cb659105aa921d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Salsa Music EssayThose athletes that are especially at risk are ballet dancers. They have great pressureto have the ballet physique, the look of the genre of the veritably, the length of the spine, theopen stance and the lean look. The young dancer feels if she never has these features, shewill never be a great dancer.All during class dancers are told to hold up their stomachs, sothey have a thin profile. Also, they are constantly looking in mirrors and comparing themselvesto the other dancers in the class. They are seeing who is thinner than they are, and think theyneed to lose weight to be the best dancer in the class. The sad thing about anorexia is many never totally o vercome it. They may spend timein a hospital at the beginning of their treatment, to gain back lost weight. They have to go tomany psychologists and therapists to resolve conflicts and improve self-esteem. Manypatients may seem to recover, just to fall back into starving themselves, or other harmful eatingpatterns. Up to 30% of all anorexics die of complications of the disorder, or from suicide fromthe depression. With psychiatric help, about 1/3 of all patients overcome this disorder. An important thing for anorexics to remember is that they are not alone. Many normalteenage girls fall into the dangerous disorder of anorexia. It may seem like the famousactresses, models, and those girls in your school have everything, and that they are perfect,but the truth is everyone is insecure about themselves, and nobody is ever happy all the time. Anorexia is such a dangerous disorder that nobody should starve themselves to have theperfect body society makes them believe they must have. 1. Bode, Janet. Food Fight. New York: Simon Schuster Books for2. Erlanger, Ellen. Eating Disorders. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications3. Sonder, Ben. Eating Disorders: When Food Turns Against You. 4. Eating Disorders. Nutrition and Fitness. MacMillan Health5. Thompson, Colleen. Athletes and Eating Disorders. Online. Available:http://www.mirror-mirror.org/athlete.htm 6. Eating Disorders in Ballet Dancers. Online. Available:http://www.something-fishy.org/ed-5.htm Bibliography:

What Makes a Confident Person free essay sample

The easiest way to be confident in yourself is to stand up straight and be proud of yourself, no matter what you look like. Be proud of Just who you are, not what other people thinking should be. Being confident is all about learning to love the skin youre in. Wake up each morning with a positive thought in mind. Instead of looking In the mirror and naming all the negative things, pointing out things I dont Like about myself, I point out things I like about myself.Get Involved In something that your good at, show off your talents. It will make you Inspire more of others, that alone should make you smile. If you dont take a stand, and be more, you will Just end up losing your goal and get lazy, Instead of pursuing with all you have,because Its want you want. Just like the saying lift up your head princess, your crown Is falling, Before you can do anything to help others you have to believe that you can do It. We will write a custom essay sample on What Makes a Confident Person or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page EvenIf all you can do Is look confident then you have proved to the people what you are really worth. To act confident Is to be confident, to look, you have to have the nerve to do so, resulting in confidence. To be confident you must act so, or youll lose respect from peers. When you know yourself, you are empowered. When you accept yourself, you are invincible. Everyone is holding back something, really think about your self, are you willing to let go of that security cover and show pure, release?So youre scared of that person that make fun of you? Well let me tell you this, they feel bad about themselves, so they bring you down, make you hide, WHO CARES! They are going to do what they want.

Summary and Background on The Vagina Monologues

Summary and Background on The Vagina Monologues A night of theater can be much more than getting dressed up to watch a Rodgers and Hammerstein revival for the umpteenth time. Theater can be a voice for change. It can be a call to action. Case in point: Eve Enslers The Vagina Monologues. Playwright and performance artist Eve Ensler interviewed over 200 women from a wide range of ages and cultural backgrounds. Many of them bared their proverbial souls and responded to questions such as: What would your vagina say if it could talk? And If you could dress your vagina, what would it wear? Origins of the Vagina Monologues In 1996, The Vagina Monologues began as a one-woman show, a series of character-driven pieces, almost like poetry, each revealing a different womans experience with topics such as  sex, love, tenderness, embarrassment, cruelty, pain, and pleasure. As the show increased in popularity, it began to be performed by an ensemble of actresses. Politically active theaters and college campuses began producing the Monologues, all of which helped to launch a global movement known as  V-Day. What Is V-Day? According to the official V-Day website: V-Day is a catalyst that promotes creative events to increase awareness, raise money and revitalize the spirit of existing anti-violence organizations. V-Day generates broader attention for the fight to stop violence against women and girls. Are The  Vagina  Monologues Anti-Male? When college students are asked Raise your hand if you are a feminist, often  only one or two students raise their hands. The female students without their hands raised often explain that they dont hate men. Although many would define feminism as equality for the sexes, or the empowerment of women, it seems, sadly, that many people believe feminism is anti-male. With that in mind, it is easy to see why many assume that The Vagina Monologue is an angry rant of naughty words and feverish male-bashing. But Ensler is clearly raging against violence and oppression, not the male species. For further proof that Enslers work is man-friendly, visit the V-Men Page, a section of the V-Day website in which male writers and activists speak out against misogynist violence. Powerful Moments From The Vagina Monologues Below are descriptions of some of the most powerful scenes from the play. The Flood: This monologue, based upon a conversation with a 72-year old woman, combines humorously erotic dream imagery with the pragmatic, worldly views of a tough, outspoken old gal. Picture your elderly great Aunt talking about down there, and youll get an idea of this monologues potential. (During her HBO special, Ensler has great fun with this character.) My Village Was My Vagina: Absolutely the most haunting of the monologues. This piece is in honor of the thousands of victims from rape camps in Bosnia and Kosovo. The monologue alternates between peaceful, rural memories and images of torture and sexual abuse. Powerful, sad, and all-too-relevant. I Was in the Room: This monologue was based upon Enslers personal experience as she watched the birth of her grandchild. Arguably the most touching and optimistic of the monologues, this scene captures the joy and mystery of labor, in all its glorious (and graphic) detail. The Controversial Monologue Sure, the whole show is controversial. Theres shock value simply in the title. However, one particular monologue involves two accounts of molestation. The first incident occurs when the character is 10. In that account, she is raped by an adult male. Later on in the monologue, the character describes a sexual experience with an adult woman, when  the character/narrator is only 16. (In an earlier version of this monologue, the lesbian encounter took place at the age of 13, but Ensler decided to adjust the age). This monologue upsets many viewers and critics because it presents a double standard. The first case of molestation is accurately nightmarish, whereas the second case is portrayed as a positive experience. On the one hand, Ensler generated her monologues from real-life interviews, so it makes sense to display what she learned from her subject. However, considering the mission statement of V-Day, its hard to fault directors or performers for omitting (or perhaps revising) that particular monologue. Other Eve Ensler Plays Although The Vagina Monologues is her most famous work, Ensler has penned other powerful works for the stage. Here are a few worth checking out: Necessary Targets: A gripping drama about two American women who journey to Europe in order to help Bosnian women share their tragic stories with the world. The Treatment: Her most recent work delves into the moral questions or torture, power, and the politics of modern warfare.

Definition and Examples of Dialect in Linguistics

Definition and Examples of Dialect in Linguistics A dialect is a regional or social variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation, grammar, and/or vocabulary. Adjective: dialectal. The term dialect is often used to characterize a way of speaking that differs from the standard variety of the language. Nonetheless, as David Crystal explains below, Everyone speaks a dialect. The scientific study of dialects is known as dialectology, commonly regarded as a subfield of sociolinguistics. Dialect comes from the Greek, speech. Example of Dialect A dialect is a variety of English which is associated with a particular region and/or social class. To state the obvious, speakers from different geographical regions speak English rather differently: hence we refer to Geordie (Newcastle English), New York English or Cornish English.  In addition to geographical variation, the social background of a speaker will also influence the variety of English that person speaks: two children may grow up in the same Yorkshire village, but if one is born into a wealthy family and attends an expensive private school, while the other is born into a less well-off family and attends the local state school, the two are likely to end up speaking rather different varieties of English. It is this combination of regional and social variation that I refer to collectively as dialect. (Jane Hodson,  Dialect in Film and Literature. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014) Differences Between a Language and a Dialect The very fact that language and dialect persist as separate concepts implies that  linguists  can make tidy distinctions for speech varieties worldwide. But in fact, there is no objective difference between the two: Any attempt you make to impose that kind of order on reality falls apart in the face of real evidence... English tempts one with a tidy dialect-language distinction based on intelligibility: If you can understand it without training, it’s a dialect of your own language; if you can’t, it’s a different language.  But because of quirks of its history, English happens to lack very close relatives, and the intelligibility standard doesn’t apply consistently beyond it... In popular usage, a language is written in addition to being spoken, while a dialect is just spoken. But in the scientific sense, the world is buzzing with a cacophony of qualitatively equal dialects, often shading into one another like colors (and often mixing, too), all demon strating how magnificently complicated human speech can be. If either the terms language or dialect have any objective use, the best anyone can do is to say that there is no such thing as a language: Dialects are all there is. (John McWhorter, What’s a Language, Anyway?  The Atlantic, January 2016) On Dialects It is sometimes thought that only a few people speak regional dialects. Many restrict the term to rural forms of speechas when they say that dialects are dying out these days. But dialects are not dying out. Country dialects are not as widespread as they once were, indeed, but urban dialects are now on the increase, as cities grow and large numbers of immigrants take up residence... Some people think of dialects as sub-standard varieties of a language, spoken only by low-status groupsillustrated by such comments as He speaks correct English, without a trace of dialect. Comments of this kind fail to recognize that standard English is as much a dialect as any other varietythough a dialect of a rather special kind because it is one to which society has given extra prestige. Everyone speaks a dialect- whether urban or rural, standard or non-standard, upper class or lower class. (David Crystal, How Language Works. Overlook, 2006) On Regional and Social Dialects The classic example of a dialect is the regional dialect: the distinct form of a language spoken in a certain geographical area. For example, we might speak of Ozark dialects or Appalachian dialects, on the grounds that inhabitants of these regions have certain distinct linguistic features that differentiate them from speakers of other forms of English. We can also speak of a social dialect: the distinct form of a language spoken by members of a specific socioeconomic class, such as the working-class dialects in England. (A. Akmajian, Linguistics. MIT Press, 2001) Differences Between a Dialect and an Accent Accents have to be distinguished from dialects. An accent is a persons distinctive pronunciation. A dialect is a much broader notion: it refers to the distinctive vocabulary and grammar of someones use of language. If you say eether and I say iyther, thats accent. We use the same word but pronounce it differently. But if you say Ive got a new dustbin and I say Ive gotten a new garbage can, thats dialect. Were using different word and sentence patterns to talk about the same thing. (Ben Crystal and David Crystal, You Say Potato: A Book About Accents. Macmillan, 2014) On Prestige Dialects in New York City In the earlier history of New York City, New England influence and New England immigration preceded the influx of Europeans. The prestige dialect which is reflected in the speech of cultivated Atlas informants shows heavy borrowings from eastern New England.  There has been a long-standing tendency for New Yorkers to borrow prestige dialects from other regions, rather than develop a prestige dialect of their own. In the current situation, we see that the New England influence has retreated, and in its place, a new prestige dialect has been borrowed from northern and midwestern speech patterns. We have seen that for most of our informants, the effort to escape identification as a New Yorker by ones own speech provides a motivating force for phonological shifts and changes. (William Labov, The Social Stratification of English in New York City, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2006 On Dialect in Writing Do not attempt to use dialect [when writing] unless you are a devoted student of the tongue you hope to reproduce. If you use dialect, be consistent... The best dialect writers, by and large, are economical of their talents, they use the minimum, not the maximum, of deviation from the norm, thus sparing the reader as well as convincing him. (William Strunk, Jr. and E.B. White, The Elements of Style, 3rd ed. Macmillan, 1979)

Policy & development and evalvation 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Policy & development and evalvation 2 - Essay Example It simply offers solution and tries to ascertain how an increase can be made to the number of people in the social housing. With examples from countries such as Britain, United States, and Sweden it analyses their policies and checks on whether they seceded or not. To this end, it is informative, sceptical, and analytical. To understand whether there can be an increase in the number of people who attain the social housing with the understanding that there are forces that fight this move and have led to the decrease of the same. Housing is a basic necessity. This then means that home ownership serves the purpose of ensuring that fundamental obligations are fulfilled. This may include raising the quality of family life and education. To this end, housing plays a fundamental role in the economies of both developed and developing countries with the governments of respective countries acknowledging this as a mirror of development. Housing policy then has been regarded in two different views; there are those who view it in terms of continuity or change with the change protagonist accusing the regime of short termism due to their nature of treating the housing as a â€Å"political football† and being chameleons in their nature of changing colours and direction to reflect party political preferences (Balchin and Rhoden 2002). These changing political positions have made it impossible to have choices that are rational in the housing sector. This change perspective is argued by Harloe (1995) who notes that th e case of British housing policy is ideal example where he links the change from the periods of 1919 to 1970s. He notes that this is as a result of both long term economic changes and shorter political tensions by stating that social housing widened from residual housing only in times of market disruptions and political upheavals. Barker

Performance evaluation and measurment in Abu Dhabi police department Essay

Performance evaluation and measurment in Abu Dhabi police department - Essay Example This paper analyzes the suitability of different performance evaluation metrics based on chosen criteria for evaluation and recommends the implementation of ‘Balanced Scorecard’ approach to performance measurement in Abu Dhabi Police Department and illustrates the application of this performance measurement tool as part of a strategic planning initiative. Keeping the maintenance of security and stability as the main goal the Abu Dhabi Police General Headquarters has framed its strategic initiatives for excelling in its performance. The strategic priorities include (i) effective controlling of the crime, (ii) increasing the confidence of the community in police and public safety services, (iii) maintaining security and safety in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, (iv) making commuting through the roads safer, (v) improving the performance of the staff of the department by implementing the best international practices and (vi) providing all policing operations with functional support (Abu Dhabi Police Strategic Plan, 2008). The responsibility for improving meeting these strategic priorities and improving the performance has been entrusted with the Strategic Management and Performance Improvement Department reporting directly to the Commander General of Abu Dhabi Police. Unlike many of the other police forces in the world, the aim of Abu Dhabi Police does not stop with achieving peace by reducing crime. The Department embarks upon much deeper and concept of performance which is more visionary in nature. Therefore the objective of Strategic Management and Performance Improvement Department is to transform the Abu Dhabi Policemen from the conventional symbol of watcher and guardian to the a non-traditional image of the comprehensive employee. This calls for a complete relook into the performance appraisal system and suggest suitable alternatives so that the Department can contribute more the maintenance of peace, tradition and justice

An Analysis of Jonathan Swift’s “A Modest Proposal” Essay Example for Free

An Analysis of Jonathan Swift’s â€Å"A Modest Proposal† Essay Satire as a form of discursive practice may be properly understood if it is contextualized within a particular culture, institution, attitude, or belief. It is only by placing the satire within a particular setting [as presented by the elements mentioned above] that a satire will garner the â€Å"non-linguistic components covering the preparatory preconditions necessary for the construction of satirical discourse† (Simpson 70). An example of the satire as a form of discursive practice is evident, for example, in Jonathan Swift’s â€Å"A Modest Proposal†. In the aforementioned work, Swift presents a situation wherein the persona of his text urges the population on acts of cannibalism in order to lessen the problems caused by Irish overpopulation. The persona starts his proposal with an initial description of his surroundings. He notes, â€Å"It is a melancholy object to those who walk through this great town†¦when they see the streets†¦crowded with beggers of the female sex, followed by three, four, or six children, all in rags, and importuning every passenger for alms† (Swift 52). It is important to note that such a description is characterized by the persona’s detachment towards his surroundings. Note for example, the manner in which a two senses of the concept ‘object’ is used. The aforementioned passage thereby portrays not only the persona’s ‘objective’ appraisal of his surroundings but also the persona’s ‘objectification’ of the individuals encompassed within that area. Such an objectification is further evident in the following passage: Some persons of a desponding spirit are in great concern about the vast number of poor people, who are aged, diseased, or maimed†¦But I am not in the least pained about that matter, because it is very well known that they are everyday dying, rotting, by cold, and famine, and filth, and vermin, as fast as can be reasonably expected. (Swift 56) The persona’s use of the two senses of object, in this sense, may be understood as a manner in which Swift portrays the irony evident in the context of the text. The irony is evident if one conceives of â€Å"A Modest Proposal† as a text which presents a delimited view of the world. As opposed to a satire’s ironic presentation of a particular situation [in fact an ironic portrayal of a particular mindset], humor, on the other hand, portrays the manner in which worldly interests are given more credence as opposed to lofty ideals. An example of this is evident in Samuel Beckett’s writings wherein Beckett focuses the text to the importance of existence [as well as the importance of the meaning of existence] in relation to the ordinary objects. As opposed to a satire which might present a bland ethnocentric perspective regarding racial discrimination, the emphasis on modern humor would be on the problematic construction of such concepts that enable racial discrimination to exist [e. g. opposition of black and white]. In line with this, Colebrook notes, â€Å"both irony and humor play off the gap between concepts and world† (241). The difference, however, lies in the difference of presentation noted above. Works Cited Colebrook, Claire. Irony in the Works of Philosophy. Nebraska: U of Nebraska P, 2003. Simpson, Paul. On the Discourse of Satire: Towards a Stylistic Model of Satirical Humor. Philadelphia: John Benjamin’s, 2003. Swift, Jonathan. â€Å"A Modest Proposal. † A Modest Proposal and Other Satirical Works. New York: Dover, 1996.

Value Delivery Network :: essays research papers

Value Delivery Network A value delivery network allows many companies to create customer value that cannot be created by use of the company’s own value chain. A â€Å"Value delivery network,† is made up of the company, suppliers, distributors, and ultimately the customers who partner with each other to improve the performance of the entire system (Armstrong et al. 52). This type of system interests me because I have always been curious as to what path a product or service must take in order to be considered a â€Å"value† to a customer. Generating my interest during one of the case studies during class, Accenture is a company that has improved the value delivery network for many companies. Accenture has improved not only the value delivery system for the airline industry, but its own global delivery system with its partner BT. Accenture found the need to introduce e-commerce to the airline industry's line of services to its customers. E-commerce, as Accenture puts it; reduces costs, maximizes information about customers, allows targeting certain distribution channels, differentiates products, establishes long term relationships, and creates lifetime loyalty; all of which creates value in the delivery network (Stewart). E-commerce allows the airline industry to connect to its customers directly and with third party electronic channels that provide value to customers in ways unknown in the traditional distribution cycle (Stewart). As a consulting firm, Accenture not only improved the value delivery network for the airline industry, but for its partner BT. Signing a 10-year, $575M outsourcing contract w/ BT, Accenture has essentially expanded its geographic reach of services provided to BT within the global market. Services provided under the new contract include customer contact/call center, recruitment, pension administration, payroll and benefits administration, performance management administration, health and safety, and HR advisory and information services. By outsourcing most of its services to Accenture, BT improves its value delivery network by providing lower costs and higher quality services to its customers. As stated by BT's Alex Wilson, "Accenture HR Services has a proven track record of consistently high quality service and a true partnership approach. These were key factors in its selection, along with its unmatched ability to deliver HR services on a global basis. This agreement will allow our staff to concentrate even more on the strategic role of HR management to our growing global business." Just as H onda has outsourced all of its automobile mirror operations to Donnelly Corporation benefiting both companies in terms of increased performance and passing the value on to its customers (Armstrong et al.

Romeo And Juliet Friendship Essay Essay

A friendship includes trust, honesty, commitment, caring, dependable, loyality, witty, love and communication. I will analyse the friendship between Romeo and Mercutio, and between Romeo and Benvolios. I will compare Rome and Benvolio’s friendship to Romeo and Mercutio’s friendship and decide which is better. Romeo and Mercutio’s friendship is filled with humour and is frivolous with care, but care isn’t shown emotional. Romeo and Benvolio’s friendship is filled more with emotion and care is shown more emotional than through humour. Shakespeare presents Romeo and Mercutio’s friendship as frivolous and light-hearted but caring. Shakespeare shows this through the dialogue when Mercutio says, â€Å"Nay gentle, Romeo, we must have you dance.† Mercutio is trying to cheer Romeo up to have fun and forget about Rosaline. Shakespeare uses the imperative â€Å"must† to suggest to the audience that there is control in the friendship as Mercutio wants Romeo back to himself because Mercutio thinks Romeo has lost his way and needs to be brought back to himself. The adjective â€Å"gentle† is used by Shakespeare to convey how fond Mercutio is of Romeo, but is said by Mercutio through humour showing the audience how light-hearted and frivolous Mercutio is. The frivolous and light-heartedness is one-sided in the friendsip teeling the audience that Romeo and Mercutio isn’t the same. The adjective â€Å"gentle† is also used to show the audience how fragile and easily hurt Romeo is which gives the audience an insight into Romeo’s character. Shakespeare then use the collective pronoun â€Å"we† to show the audience that Mercutio sees Romeo’s problems as his own showing the audience how caring Mercutio is of Romeo. This makes the audience feel that there is support and care in their friendship. This alsomakes the audience feel sorry for Romeo being so focused on love because he’s heart always gets broken and Mercutio’s support and care may cheer up the audience up. Romeo and Mercutio’s friendship is presented by Shakespeare as a caring friendship. This is shown to the audience when Mercutio says,† Prick love for pricking , And you beat love down.† Mercutio is giving Romeo advice ,which is to fight back at love for giving him heartache ,which shows the  audience the care in their friendship and that Mercutio wants to see Romeo happy, again, showing the audience he cares. Shakespeare uses repetition of the word â€Å"love† to reinforce that Mercutio’s view of love is different to Romeo’s showing the differences in their friendship and that they aren’t the same as they have different personalities. Shakespeare uses the metaphor, â€Å"Prick love for pricking, And you beat love down.† This metaphor is used by Shakespeare to imply that, again, he is giving him advice to move on which shows even more care in their friendship. Shakespeare uses foreshadowing, which is that love is violent, to tell the audience that Romeo will get over his heartache as he moves on to love Juliet. The audience may feel that Mercutio genuinely cares for Romeo and wants him to be happy, even though they have different views on love, but they may feel it’s not the best friendship as Mercutio doesn’t offer Romeo the sensitivity he needs. Shakespeare presents Romeo and Mercutio’s friendship as caring in and witty and sarcastic way. This is shown to the audience by Shakespeare when Mercutio says,† you are a lover borrow cupid’s wings and soar with them above common bound.† Mercutio is trying to cheer Romeo up in a sarcastic way to try and make him laugh and show Mercutio wants him to enjoy himself, which shows the audience that he cares. Shakespeare uses the metaphor,† borrow cupi’s wings and soar with them above common bound.† The metaphor is advice to imply to the audience that Romeo is cupid in the situation as he falls in love easily and he needs to be free from love and fly away from it to be back to himself. The metaphor also is giving the audience an insight into his character, which is that he falls in love all the time telling us he is a romantic. Mercutio is being serious but trying to make it seem a joke to cheer Romeo up telling the audience that he does care for Romeo by being sarcastic in a funny and witty way, but meaning no harm. Romeo and Mercutio’s friendship is presented by Shakespeare as a loyal friendship. This is shown by Shakespear through the dialogue when Romeo says,†and fire-eyed fury be my conduct now!† This tells the audience that Romeo is loyal to Mercutio is loyal to Romeo. Shakespeare uses alliteration â€Å"fire-eyed fury† which used to reinforce how frustrated Romeo is and â€Å"fire-eyed fury† is used as a metaphor by Shakespeare to reinforce how angry  Romeo is. Puncuation is also used to show Romeo’s anger to the audience, â€Å"!†. The word â€Å"conduct† is used by Shakspeare to foreshadow the impact of Tybalt’s death, where Romeo killed Tybalt because Tybalt killed Mercutio when Mercutio was protecting Romeo, which shows the audience the loyality in Romeo and Mercutio’s friendship. This may make the audience feel that Shakespeare is foreshadowing that love wont be as easy and because Romeo is angry it may hint to the audience that it is something to do with his actions. Shakespeare presents Romeo and Benvolio’s friendship as a caring and reliable friendship. This is shown through the dialogue by Shakespeare when Benvolio says,† I’ll pay that doctrine or else die in debt.† Benvolio is the more emotional friend who you would rely on as he cares for Romeo’s sensitive side and his emotions. The use of the verb â€Å"die† is used by Shakespeare to tell the audience how much Benvolio cares and would do anything for Romeo as he loves unconditionally, as they are cousins. Although Mercutio did die for Romeo which tells the audience he equally cares but has a different way of showing his care for Romeo. Hyberbole is used by Shakespeare to show the audience that Benvolio, again, really cares for Romeo and would do anything for him showing how reliable Benvolio is showing he is the more reliable friend than Mercutio. This might make the audience feel that both Benvolio and Mercutio care, but Benvolio has a better way of showing it as he offers Romeo more support. I think that both friendships are good friendships to have, nut Romeo and Benvolio’s friendship was best because he was a more emotional friend and he cared more for Romeo’s emotions. Benvolio also shows the audience that he cares a lot for Romeo in a better way than Mercutio does and is more reliable than Mercutio. I think the audience feels that Mercutio doesn’t take Romeo’s feelings seriously sometimes even though he cares a lot but isn’t a friend you would rely on. The audience think Romeo and Mercutio’s is better because Benvolio is too serious and isn’t as humorous as Mercutio, but Benvolio is really just being mature and is doing what’s best for Romeo.

Technological Adaptation On Hospital Standards Health And Social Care Essay

IntroductionHospital is one of the most of import and fast growth industry. It is the most of import service for the populace. Many organisations are working as in private or publicly ( Murawski et al. , 2011 ) . Health governments by the authoritiess and United Nation are working to look after for the criterions and process ( Edlund et al. , 2003 ) . The regulations are so rigorous for the wellness attention services it straight deals with the life of the patient ( Kim et al. , 2010 ) . The regulative governments do proper checking and guarantee the quality of the service provided to the patients. The safety safeguards are really high ( Snella et al. , 2004 ) . The wellness factors are impacting people to endure from their lives more and more. Health attention services include the infirmaries, pharmaceutical companies, ambulance services, and every step to salvage the human life ( Snella et al. , 2004 ) . Human life is the cherished gift by the GOD which needs exceptional attention and attending. There is nil more cherished than the life a human being so the governments do non compromise on the service quality ( Murawski et al. , 2011 ) . The wellness service suppliers need invention in the industry as to be cost effectual and efficient ( Murawski et al. , 2011 ) . The uninterrupted and effectual betterment is needed in term of service quality and safety step ( World Healthcare Congress, 2009 ) . Patient attention is become mandatory as the diseases affect the human life severely ( Kim et al. , 2010 ) . The attendant alterations are required in wellness installations particularly in infirmaries and services drive from it ( Snella et al. , 2004 ) . The schemes and scrutinies demands to be done on uninterrupted footing to travel towards more inventions and engineering promotion ( Solberg et al. , 2008 ) . The progress in engineering will non merely impact the cost of the intervention but besides the effectivity of the intervention will travel more positive. IT and the technological promotion have rolled all over the Earth ( Murawski et al. , 2011 ) . The researches and the experiments are been on uninterrupted footing t o travel towards more effectual and efficient interventions ( Solberg et al. , 2008 ) . Hospital and Hospital direction is one of those Fieldss where IT has taken another measure and rush and has added a batch to the medical promotion which has assisted in a figure of interventions that were antecedently thought to be impossible ( Murawski et al. , 2011 ) . Hospitals were non more focus towards the computerized systems and database. The computing machines and IT were ab initio merely restricted to disposal section of the infirmary to keep the direction. Even the information was maintained in the manus written registry book which can be harm and the information is non unafraid ( Solberg et al. , 2008 ) . With the promotion of the engineering, the infirmaries are now equipped with fiscal be aftering which helps the infirmaries to command the finance, budgeting which helps the infirmary to command the cost and advanced medical equipment which helps the infirmaries for more effectual and efficient interventions ( Solberg et al. , 2008 ) . The IHMS package assists the infirmary in patient wellness attention and disposal ( Kim et al. , 2010 ) . It helps the infirmaries to keep an up to day of the month services provided to the patient and the direction issues of the infirmary ( Murawski et al. , 2011 ) . These package non merely salvage the c ost but besides secure the information which is really of import in term of patient`s life ( Kim et al. , 2010 ) . The aims of the survey are to measure the IT alterations and promotions in Skoulnong General Hospital, the behavior towards engineering version and the impact of IT on the patient attention services ( Snella et al. , 2004 ) . The cost of supplying the high quality services as comparison to the client satisfaction is negligible ( Snella et al. , 2004 ) . When it comes to wellness issues the money non affairs. Health is more of import than the money ( Murawski et al. , 2011 ) . The engineering promotion made the intervention cost lower which is good for the economic system every bit good. The infirmaries require up to day of the month electronic medical record of the patients which helps the infirmaries to be less dependent on the medical staff ( Bowers & A ; Lutz, 2000 ) . In instance the staff gets absent the infirmary direction can easy manage the patient with the aid of alternate staff ( Murawski et al. , 2011 ) . The direction issues of the infirmary can be sorted out as the computerized sign-out systems will keep the staff clip in and clip out. The computerized system will keep the intervention, medicines, and job of the patients to be to the full integrated ( Kim et al. , 2010 ) . Harmonizing to Bowers and Lutz ( 2000 ) , the third degree or service sectors are labour intensive establishments. There is wastage of the cherished clip on the certification and other filing procedure done by the medical staff. The IT and standard processs allows the infirmaries to hold an entree of the intranet that can do the information readily available ( Solberg et al. , 2008 ) . The planetary sphere is concentrating on the client satisfaction as client is the most of import factor of the concern and IT has shown important consequences in accomplishing positive consequences ( Crow et al. , 2003 ) . The purpose of this survey is to measure the technological promotion and its impacts on the infirmary attention services at Skoulnong General Hospital. The survey would imply in deepness about the different technological alterations that this selected infirmary has taken into consideration and due to which their infirmary criterions were affected excessively ( Murawski et al. , 2011 ) .IHMSThe wellness attention installations are turning and there is more focal point on the quality of wellness attention systems ( Edlund et al. , 2003 ) . This focal point shows the fast increasing technological alteration in wellness attention installations and edification of modern methods of patient intervention ( Kim et al. , 2010 ) . The increasing quality and engineering is been viewed as a important platform of answerability and intensive attention from the policy shapers in the private and public sectors. The alteration is needed as the conditions are altering ( Murawski et al. , 2011 ) . The diseases and the illness of the people are increasing due to many environmental factors. The infirmaries need to be effectual and attendant in intervention and which can merely be achieved through engineering inventions ( Murawski et al. , 2011 ) . IHMS package has been developed to assist the infirmaries in bettering their public presentation with the aid of comprehensive package so lution ( Burden, 2002 ) . The package helps the infirmary in every facet to run and keep the criterions of working. The engineering helps the infirmary to make proper checking and controlling of the staff, histories, and ailments by the clients ( Burden, 2002 ) . The package cost much to the infirmaries but helps in effectivity in accomplishing more end products ( Burden, 2002 ) . The staff is able to work without package. But the engineering promotion forces the infirmaries to put in such package to work more expeditiously and efficaciously ( Murawski et al. , 2011 ) . Harmonizing to Grimes ( 2003 ) , the IHMS package used in the infirmaries have two basic manners of operations such as patient attention sphere and administrative sphere. The patient attention sector of the IHMS includes out-patient charge which helps the infirmary direction to keep the charge history and computerized records of history which non merely helps to better the client attention but besides help in decrease of frauds ( Burden, 2002 ) . The medical history of the patient is besides been computerized which helps the infirmary to keep a proper record of the intervention and in instance the staff is non present the alternate staff can execute the responsibilities on their behalf ( Bowers & A ; Lutz, 2000 ) . This will assist the infirmary to maintain a balance in the intervention of the patient and safety of the record ( Kim et al. , 2010 ) . This package includes more in term of in-patient discharge, ward direction, in-patient admittance, Out-patient enrollment, medical recor ds, referral patient direction, assignment, patient flow direction, operation theatre direction, medical record trailing, and in-patient reserve ( Burden, 2002 ) . All the informations related to information about the patient and issues of infirmary are keeping through computerized informations ( Kim et al. , 2010 ) . It improves the patient satisfaction and a good feeling towards infirmary and intervention ( Murawski et al. , 2011 ) . The administrative sphere entails intranet, material direction, standard fiscal, and community outreach. The ISMS package is extremely flexible and can be easy customized to the dynamic demands of the infirmaries ( Burden, 2002 ) . It helps the disposal to keep a web nexus between the all computing machines of the infirmary and a database which safe all the information. Through this system the information of the direction and patient attention is safe over the paper work which staff demands to make ( Machado et al. , ( 2007 ) . The paper work non merely waste the cherished clip of the medical staff but besides impropriety and hazard in keeping the records. The package is besides self operative and increases the efficiency of the client related questions ( Murawski et al. , 2011 ) . The charge and reserves on clip increases the client satisfaction and the infirmary generates large grosss from it ( Crow et al. , 2003 ) . In instance of the manual records the patient have to wait for th e question reply as the staff needs to happen the file of the client than cheque for the record ( Kim et al. , 2010 ) . It non merely blow the clip of the staff but besides makes the client uncomfortable. Customer wants importance and fast service which non merely do a good image of the organisation but besides satisfaction towards service ( Snella et al. , 2004 ) . Crow, Storey, and Page ( 2003 ) articulated that the IHMS maintain the information of the patients from the information of admittance to the discharge and supply the relevant and filtered information refering to the demand of the medical staff. Information engineering standardized the patient flow with the same criterions and processs, work flow and other activities within the infirmary ( Kim et al. , 2010 ) . The standard process takes less clip and hence, diminish the clip consumed by the disposal section ( Murawski et al. , 2011 ) . The consumers are satisfied with the efficiency of the infirmary and gives rise to augmented client satisfaction ( Crow et al. , 2003 ) . The engineering promotion increases the cost for the infirmary but it has least of import than the client satisfaction ( Grimes, 2003 ) . Customer is the key for any concern because the concern operates for the client and concern is useless without clients ( Crow et al. , 2003 ) .The client satisfaction and technolog ical versionThe intent of the concern is to bring forth net income and the intent of the non net income organisations is to supply thee better attention to the general populace. Health sector includes the both private and public organisation to function the clients ( Edlund et al. , 2003 ) . Private wellness sector organisations are more focus towards net incomes but the public wellness sector organisations are owned by the authorities which is runing to give the purchase to the client ( Edlund et al. , 2003 ) . For both type of organisations client is needed to maintain the flow of the operations. The client for the infirmaries is the patient who suffers from unwellness and hurts ( Machado et al. , ( 2007 ) . Hospitals belong to service industry in which the manufacturer and the terminal user communicate straight ( Murawski et al. , 2011 ) . The mission and vision of the organisations is to better the service quality and convey invention to fulfill the client ( Snella et al. , 2004 ) . The success factors of any concern depend on the customeraa‚Â ¬a„?s satisfaction and the sensed image of the organisation ( Crow et al. , 2003 ) . Customer satisfaction may be defined as the positive feedback after buying the merchandise or service ( Snella et al. , 2004 ) . The quality of the service is really of import and the government organic structures are keeping and commanding the quality ( Freil et al. , 2005 ) . The rigorous actions can be taken against the medical service suppliers in instance the quality of the intervention or the factors drive from it are with lower quality ( Freil et al. , 2005 ) . The client satisfaction helps the organisation to do the loyal clients ( Crow et al. , 2003 ) . The competition is really high in every industry particularly in service industry ( Snella et al. , 2004 ) . Hospital is the most of import sector of any state because the life is really cherished. In infirmary industry the patients are more comfy with the medical staff as it is the critical issue for the patient life ( Kim et al. , 2010 ) . The patient feels comfy because the medical staff with whom they are acquiring the intervention knows them good, and knows the medical history of the patient ( Murawski et al. , 2011 ) . In instance the same medical staffs are non found by the patient, the patient does experience uncomfortable by acquiring the intervention from the alternate staff ( Solberg et al. , 2008 ) . If the client gets satisfied the client will go the loyal client and come to the same infirmary whenever they feel ill. Patients do prefer to travel to their household physicians a s an apprehension has been developed with them ( Murawski et al. , 2011 ) . The staffs of the infirmary are really of import for client satisfaction ( Grimes, 2003 ) . The medical staff should be good educated and good train as a minor error can harm the patient ( Bowers & A ; Lutz, 2000 ) . The technological invention brings the flawlessness in interventions and improves the quality of services ( Snella et al. , 2004 ) . The promotion in the engineering helps the infirmaries to utilize more effectual and efficient ways to name the disease and get down the intervention. Harmonizing o Crow, Storey, and Page ( 2003 ) , the technological acceptance by the infirmaries has shown important positive consequence. This new progress package can be used in any section and require input from the staff and nowadays the consequence in extremely organized and customized signifiers ( Solberg et al. , 2008 ) . The size of the infirmaries is irrelevant to the new engineering and medical equipment. The progress equipment helps the infirmaries to handle the patient with intensive attention ( Machado et al. , ( 2007 ) . It can be used by infirmaries and medical institute of all sizes with comprehensive package and dearly-won machines ( Murawski et al. , 2011 ) . The new advanced machines help the infirmaries to distinguish them from the rivals as the competition in the industry is really high ( Murawski et al. , 2011 ) . These machines help the physicians to indentify the patient disease in short period of clip ( Bowers & A ; Lutz, 2000 ) . The infirmaries must be without noise as it disturbs the patient ( Kim et al. , 2010 ) . The ill patient demands to rest more in peace and unagitated environment. The designation of disease is the first phase to get down the intervention ( Solberg et al. , 2008 ) . The advanced electronic devices help the infirmary direction to cut down the noise. Hospitals are public topographic points where any accident can go on ( Murawski et al. , 2011 ) . The safety step should be taken to minimise the hazard of accidents. The fire alarms or exigency systems help to contend with the catastrophe state of affairss ( Murawski et al. , 2011 ) . The proclamations and messages help to better the commuting procedure ( Solbe rg et al. , 2008 ) . The computerized printed paperss are easy to read instead than the human authorship. Comprehensive package is needed for the infirmaries that have 25-30 admittance and dispatch a twenty-four hours otherwise a trim and little package is necessary for the infirmaries ( Solberg et al. , 2008 ) .The benefits of IT and technological acceptance to the infirmariesThe benefits of engineering promotion are high which forces the infirmaries to follow the engineering ( Solberg et al. , 2008 ) . The package shops the informations from all the section and offices of the infirmary on one portal. The information stored is merely presented and stored in one format which is easy clear and accessible at the exigency state of affairss ( Solberg et al. , 2008 ) . It helps the infirmary to pull off the informations and procure it from amendss. Arbors and Lutz ( 2000 ) acknowledged that the clients are pleased with the use of hi-tech package because it decreases their clip in certifi cation procedure and provides alleviation by utilizing easy accessible medical history. The handiness helps the direction to dependent on the medical staff least. The infirmary information is helpful to place the state of affairs of the patient and future executions ( Bowers & A ; Lutz, 2000 ) . The clients do non hold to wait in waiting line and their clip is save which readily consequences into the client satisfaction ( Crow et al. , 2003 ) . The engineering promotion helps the infirmaries to better their public presentation with the aid of effectual package. The cost of the package is high with the effectivity ( World Healthcare Congress, 2009 ) . This package cost much to the infirmaries and the staff is able to work without package. But the engineering promotion forces the infirmaries to put in such package to work more expeditiously and efficaciously ( World Healthcare Congress, 2009 ) . The engineering promotion helps the direction to cut down the clip of the service bringing ( Snella et al. , 2004 ) . The infirmary develops the standard papers and format readily available on the intranet of the infirmary and hence the error opportunities are reduced. Grimes ( 2003 ) asserted that the staff enters the information with great ardor and concentration merely one time and so it can be retrieve easy on all the visits of the patients ( Kim et al. , 2010 ) . The patients are besides pleased with the public presentation of the infirmaries and do non hold to transport their old studies and medical histories once more and once more ( Solberg et al. , 2008 ) . The engineering betterments in medical equipment, stock list direction and helps the infirmaries to handle the patient in effectual mode ( Bowers & A ; Lutz, 2000 ) . The effectivity leads towards the better terminal consequence. The efficiency might acquire affected as the technological alteration has the high cost ( Bow ers & A ; Lutz, 2000 ) . The human life is more of import than the cost of the intervention because the effectual intervention will do the patient acquire rid of the diseases and live a healthy life ( Kim et al. , 2010 ) . The of import force is the ambulance by which the patient is been transfer to the infirmary ( Machado et al. , ( 2007 ) . The ambulance is the running infirmary which should be to the full equipped with the latest machines and tools which helps the ambulance crew to assist the patient in exigency state of affairs. In instance of accidents the patient needs pressing intervention without the wastage of clip. The ambulance helps in catastrophe by supplying initial medical intervention to the patients ( Machado et al. , ( 2007 ) . The version of new techniques to handle the patient is good to fulfill the client ( Kim et al. , 2010 ) . The benefits of the information engineering are it reduces the clip of the overall intervention. It besides helps the infirmary to distinguish them from rivals and give them an border over rivals ( Machado et al. , ( 2007 ) . The advanced machines and tools help the physician to place the disease of the patient efficaciously without blowing much clip ( Solberg et al. , 2008 ) . The short diagnostic clip helps the physicians to get down the intervention foremost. The infirmary should be to the full equipped to cover with any sort of state of affairs and disease. The infirmaries are public topographic points with noisy environment ( Solberg et al. , 2008 ) . The advanced engineering tools help the infirmary direction to command the noise as the patient needs unagitated and peaceable environment to rest ( Machado et al. , 2007 ) . Fire dismaies and technological safety step helps th e infirmary to cut down the hazard of uncertainness ( World Healthcare Congress, 2009 ) . The fire alarms or exigency systems help to contend with the catastrophe state of affairss. The effectual communicating helps to better the public presentation of the organisation. The information engineering helps to work decently with proper certification and computerized informations ( Solberg et al. , 2008 ) . The information is unafraid in computerized systems than the manus written paperss. It saves the clip of direction and improves efficiency ( Solberg et al. , 2008 ) . The progress engineering helps the infirmary to keep the stock list degrees, and the in and out of the infirmary. Inventory direction system is the most of import factor which helps the infirmary to keep a good criterion and quality of service ( Machado et al. , 2007 ) . The stock list system includes the medical specialty stock list, tools, and other equipment needed. The benefit of the stock list direction system is to command the stock list before the deficit ( Solberg et al. , 2008 ) . The medical specialty should be in adequate measure to carry through the demand in exigency instances. The stock list direction package helps the provider to look into the measure and supply it when itaa‚Â ¬a„?s needed ( Machado et al. , 2007 ) . The engineering promotion besides affects the medical specialty quality and uninterrupted invention in the production criterions ( Grimes, 2003 ) . The medical specialty is the tool which is used by the infirmaries and other wellness installations centres to bring around the disease of the patient ( Freil et al. , 2005 ) . Patient satisfaction is depended on the stableness in the wellness of the patient which is the terminal consequence of the whole procedure done in the infirmary ( World Healthcare Congress, 2009 ) . If the behaviour and experience of the patient is non good with the infirmary but the terminal consequence is the stableness in the wellness, the patient will be still satisfied ( World Healthcare Congress, 2009 ) . The invention and uninterrupted betterment in the medical specialty quality is because of the engineering quality besides due to the invention in the engineering ( Crow et al. , 2003 ) .IT, infirmary criterions, and employee satisfactionHarmonizing to Crow, Storey and Page ( 2003 ) , the turning accent on the client satisfaction has allowed the infirmaries to put in the IT undertakings for better quality of the services. The environment of the infirmary should be contributing to the client satisfaction and supply every easiness to diminish the manual procedure ( Crow et al. , 2003 ) . The infirmaries should develop long term relationship with their clients and non burthen them with the procedure direction. The value and self-respect of the patients should be mai ntained or enhanced by guaranting the criterions processs ( Solberg et al. , 2008 ) . A usher should be presented before the patients in that a detail process should be presented for the admittance and discharge procedure. The employee plays a critical function in the public presentation of the infirmary ( Solberg et al. , 2008 ) . The public presentation of the infirmary depends on the employeeaa‚Â ¬a„?s public presentation and their behaviour ( Murawski et al. , 2011 ) . Employees are the 1 who deals straight with the clients and handle them. Employee satisfaction comes from the working conditions and motivational factors provided by the direction ( Grimes, 2003 ) . If the employee is satisfied from the occupation, their public presentation will be high which impact the organisations public presentation positively ( Murawski et al. , 2011 ) . Employees are the pillars of the organisation and particularly in service industry in which the employees are the one straight pass oning with the clients ( Murawski et al. , 2011 ) . The infirmary criterions maintain the gait of the procedure fast and present the high quality services ( Freil et al. , 2005 ) . The efficiency and effectivity of the infirmary decidedly leaves a positive impact on the client which is the ultimate net income and success for staff and infirmary both ( World Healthcare Congress, 2009 ) . The criterion and process must be followed by the infirmaries which are design by the wellness section of the state ( Edlund et al. , 2003 ) . The regulative governments are guaranting the policies and criterions are been followed. In instance any mis-management happened the rigorous action should be taken against the infirmary ( Edlund et al. , 2003 ) . The new construct is been introduced as the universe as a planetary small town through which the United Nation organisations are involved to look into the quality and the tools and the medical specialty given to the patients ( Freil et al. , 2005 ) .

To Close for Comfort essays

To Close for Comfort essays According to the article, Too Close for Comfort, personal space can be defined as, an invisible boundary surrounding each individual, a territory into which others may trespass. Numerous studies have been conducted measuring gender differences in dyadic intervention. Past results have shown that females do not require as much personal space in conversation than males. James Baxter also conducted a study involving interpersonal spacing in natural settings. Baxter observed similar gender differences, however he also concluded that role relationships were a determining factor in all three scenarios. The level of comfort and relationship status while engaging in conversation also becomes a determining factor. The more comfortable one is with the person and there environment, the more likely they will allow the personal to enter into close conversation. When choosing to further these studies, it is my intention to observe the personal spaces amongst college students. Since topics of conversation are different amongst age groups, whereas college student may have more friendly social discussions over those who are older, it may be that personal space will decrease. In terms of gender difference, it is my intention to reaffirm past results that females will engage in much closer conversation in both female-to-female dyadic intervention as well as male to female relations. Based on my observations, as well as my fellow observers, results will show that females will engage in much closer, proximal conversation than men. In instances of female/male conversation, it is likely that the distance between the two people who are involved in conversation will increase when it is the male instigating conversation. In performing this experiment, natural observations were made on campus, from an unobtrusive view within an everyday college social environment. S ...

Superlative Forms of Modifiers - Definition and Examples

Superlative Forms of Modifiers s The superlative is the form or degree of an adjective or adverb that indicates the most or the least of something. Superlatives are either marked by the suffix -est  (as in the fastest bike) or identified by the word most or least (the most difficult job). Almost all  one-syllable  adjectives, along with some two-syllable adjectives, add -est  to the base to form the superlative.  In most adjectives of two or more  syllables, the superlative is identified by the word  most or least.  Not all adjectives and adverbs have superlative forms. After a superlative, in or of a noun phrase can be used to indicate what is being compared (as in the tallest building in the world and the best time of my life). Exercises and Quizzes Exercise in Using the Comparative and Superlative Forms of AdjectivesPractice in Forming the Comparative and Superlative Degrees of Adverbs Examples and Observations This is the saddest story I have ever heard.(Ford Maddox Ford, The Good Soldier, 1915)The [New York City] subway is a gift to any connoisseur of superlatives. It has the longest rides of any subway in the world, the biggest stations, the fastest trains, the most track, the most passengers, the most police officers. It also has the filthiest trains, the most bizarre graffiti, the noisiest wheels, the craziest passengers, the wildest crimes.(Paul Theroux, Subterranean Gothic. Granta, 1984)[O]f all forms of tyranny, the least attractive and most vulgar is the tyranny of mere wealth.(Theodore Roosevelt,  Theodore Roosevelt: An Autobiography, 1913)Bart Simpson: This is the worst day of my life.Homer Simpson: The worst day of your life so far.(The Simpsons Movie, 2007)In one second, without any previous training or upbringing, he had become the wettest man in Worcestershire.​​  (P.G. Wodehouse, Very Good, Jeeves, 1930)I responded in what I thought was the most truthfulor least untruthfulmanner, by saying no.(James R. Clapper, Director of National Intelligence, explaining why he told Congress in March 2013 that the National Security Agency doesnt intentionally collect data on millions of Americans) To the man who loves art for its own sake, it is frequently in its least important and lowliest manifestations that the keenest pleasure is to be derived.(Arthur Conan Doyle)[T]he newspaper business, despite its many flaws, managed to do a lot of good. And it employed, in its newsrooms, the smartest, hardest-working, funniest, quirkiest, most cynical and at the same time idealistic group of borderline insane people Ive ever known.(Dave Barry, Ill Mature When Im Dead. Berkley, 2010)It is turning out to be the most beautiful, most quiet, largest, most generous, sky-vaulted summer Ive ever seen or knowninordinately blue, with greener leaves and taller trees than I can remember, and the sound of the lawnmowers all over this valley is a sound I could hum to forever. (Nicholson Baker, The Anthologist. Simon Schuster, 2009)The greatest discovery of my generation is that a human being can alter his life by altering his attitudes of mind.  (William James) Double Comparatives and Superlatives Speakers of vernacular dialects often use double comparatives and superlatives such as more higher and most fastest. Although such constructions may seem redundant or even illogical, in reality both standard and nonstandard varieties of all languages are replete with such constructions. In English the redundant comparative dates back to the 1500s. Prior to this, in Old and Middle English, suffixes, rather than a preceding more or most, almost always marked the comparative and superlative forms of adjectives and adverbs, regardless of word length. In the Early Modern English period . . . [double markings were commonly used to indicate special emphasis, and they do not appear to have been socially disfavored.​  (comparative, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed., 2000) Unusual Superlatives Make sure your gathering is the meatiest, cheesiest, feastiest ever with our platters, cold subs, salads, snacks, and desserts.  (Firehouse Subs, Savannah, Georgia)- Another of Springfield’s belovedest citizens has been murdered.  (Kent Brockman in The Simpsons) Pronunciation: soo-PUR-luh-tiv

Aphra Behn Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Aphra Behn - Term Paper Example She stood up and demanded to be heard and accepted; she never looked back and always stood her ground. She is certainly not to be forgotten. This essay functions as a general retrospective of the life and writings of Aphra Behn. Section I considers her background and career as a writer, including her time spent working as a spy for England; section II is an in-depth analysis of one of Behn’s most renowned works, the novel Oroonoko; finally, section III considers the extent to which Aphra Behn should assume her rightful place among the Western literary canon, ultimately arguing for her inclusion. Aphra Behn, also known as Afra, Aphara, or Ayfara, was baptized at Waye, Kent, in 1640. Behn’s father was a barber named John Johnson. During the restoration period in which her father was raised record keeping wasn’t as well structured as contemporary standards; as a result, Behn’s father’s status is not entirely known and parts of Behn’s early childhood are shrouded in history. As a result, historians turn to her works for insight into these early childhood years. During these years she went to Surinam, and then in 1658 she returned to England. Behn’s time in Surinam was a pivotal development period in her life, as it was during this period that she acquired significant historical knowledge of the area, as well as personal knowledge of the African prince Oroonoko. Later in life this experience would be explored in her seminal novel Oroonoko (Hobby 1990). After returning to England from Surinam she married a London merchant with a Dutch extraction. Her intelligence and extraordinary wit made her a favorite at the royal court. After her husband’s death Charles II appointed her to a position as a spy within Netherlands for the Dutch war. She proved to be an effective spy for England; her code name was â€Å"Astrea†, and she was also known as Agent one hundred

Visual Representation of Public Health Leadership Theory Assignment

Visual Representation of Public Health Leadership Theory - Assignment Example Similarly, the visual representation is directly linked to healthcare organizations, this is more specific, as compared to the literature of Zalenznik, A. (1977), which discusses the leadership aspect, but does not link the discussion directly to health care organizations. The visual representation is also diverse, with regard to the purpose of healthcare organizations. In the literature, Vladeck (1992) considered that the major purpose of healthcare organizations is only the public interest. However, in the visual representation, it has been shown that healthcare organizations have other responsibilities that are not tied to the public, to fulfil. For instance, this shows that healthcare organizations have responsibilities to fulfil for the employees of the organization, other organizations of same interest and the state, and finally, the community and society, which can be labelled as the public. In addition, the visual representation provides a system that healthcare organizations can adopt in order to ensure that they fulfil their mandate to the public. In the literature, there was no provision of a system that could help healthcare organizations and their leaders to protect their clients, and fulfil their mandate to the public. However, by clarifying the values that a leader should embrace, as well as the different relationships they should value and strengthen, the visual representation offers public health organizations and leaders a way of ensuring that they fulfil their mandate appropriately. The visual representation is also broader in its approach to leadership in public health. This is not inclined to only one aspect of leadership, as in the case of Vroom (2007), who only addresses the situational aspects of leadership in public health. The visual representation has addressed the values of a leader, relationships, outcomes, as well as antecedents. This has also shown how the leadership values can be acquired by an individual.  

Exam 1 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Exam 1 - Research Paper Example This event requires adequate replacement mechanisms for the economic continuity of the nation. Chronological trends indicate that replacement of the retired workforce has been a challenge to the regime. The low application turnout towards governmental vacancies has been attributable to the negative perspective from college graduates. The graduated professionals from colleges have a very low opinion towards serving the regime. Most of these seniors from college do not have a vivid understanding of government jobs. Additionally, the government takes an extremely lengthy duration to recruit a single employee. In this case, the government ought to implement strategies to attract college graduates and professionals towards the available posts in agencies. The government should shorten the recruitment span. This would entail superficial recruitment of workers without investigating the individual in great depths. A span of probation would determine whether the individual deserves the post. Additionally, the government should also educate the college graduates about serving in diverse posts. This would inculcate a new perspective of serving the government into the college graduates. Pay banding The General schedule has dictated on the compensation channels to the employees serving in the regime. Under the schedule, the level step of an employee determines the payment. The time of experience within the post determines the step of the employee. For instance, a one year old employee in service might belong to step one. This philosophy surfaced much focus on time spent in service, rather than an individual’s performance. Managers have minimal discretion, while technicians express immense authority within the urgency. The technicians decided the grade of equipment to a department in the agency. Pay band strategies performed a replacement of the General Schedule. These strategies oversaw the delegation of much authority and support to the managers. The strategies also focused on performance of an employee to determine payment. Pay banding initiated immense advantage even to the recruitment process. This system required new recruits to receive their pay according to their range within the agency. Consequently, it would appeal for more attention and attraction from the college graduates and talents. Evidently, this was a remedy to the concept of the General schedule. Category rating In this system, line managers have utmost authority towards the recruitment procedure. This system was a remedy to traditional methodologies of recruitment within agencies. The traditional methodologies used the philosophy of â€Å"rule of three.† According to this principle, the recruitment process involved picking three best candidates. This was regardless of the close performers of the top applicants. Category rating implemented a new strategy of grouping the applicants according to their performance. For instance, there would be clusters of â€Å"highly qua lified,† â€Å"qualified,† and â€Å"not qualified.† This would give the appointing manager a platform to choose an individual from the top category. Upon exhausting the first list, the manager has an alternative to choose from the subsequent category. This was an outstanding recommendation for the governmental agencies. The selection procedure is more accurate and fair. Question 2 Government agencies have the capacity of maintaining well-adjusted and trained workforce. The government

Pharmacological Profiles of Several Common Drugs

Pharmacological Profiles of Several Common Drugs 2.3 Profile of Pheniramine Maleate (31) Chemical name: (3RS)-N,N-Dimethyl-3-phenyl-3-(pyridine-2-yl)propan-1-amine(Z)-butenedioate Empirical formula: C20H24N2O4 Chemical structure: Figure 2.3:Structure of Pheniramine Maleate 2.3.1 Physical properties Molecular weight: 356.4 Appearance and colour: White or almost white crystalline powder. Solubility: Very soluble in water, freely soluble in ethanol (96 %)in methanol and in methylene chloride. Therapeutic category:Pheniramine maleate belongs to H1-antagonist pharmacological group on the basis of mechanism of action and also classified in Antihistamine, Decongestant. Dosage: Tablet , Powder, Solution 2.3.2 Pharmacology Pheniramine maleate is an antihistamine used for alleviation of allergy symptoms. Manufacturers frequently list the over-the-counter medication as pheniramine maleate or a derivative. Drug industries also often combine the formulation with other medications for relief of other symptoms. Consumers can generally find the ingredient in an oral solution or tablet form. Certain ophthalmic solutions also contain pheniramine maleate, which provides relief from allergy symptoms associated with the eyes. Allergic reactions are autoimmune responses to certain antigens. When allergens enter the bloodstream, the body releases histamine, which binds with and activates receptor sites, located throughout the body, producing physical symptoms. The pharmacological action of pheniramine maleate involves blocking the receptor sites for the histamine H1, found in the heart, central nervous system, smooth muscle, and vascular endothelium cells. Blocking the receptor sites reduces or inhibits the symptoms. The antihistamine is frequently used for seasonal allergies, such as hay fever, or environmental allergies, such as animal dander. By blocking histamine receptor sites, pheniramine maleate can reduce or eliminate itching, watery eyes, runny noses, and skin irritations. Allergy related skin irritations might include the itching, redness, and swelling associated with eczema or uticaria, commonly referred to as hives (40). The medication may produce a sedative effect when binding to sites in the central nervous system. It also may produce an anticholinergic effect by dilating or relaxing smooth muscle. These side effects sometimes allow pheniramine maleate to be used as treatment for motion sickness or the inner ear condition known as Meniere’s disease. 2.4 Profile of Phenylephrine Hydrochloride (78) Chemical name:(R)-(-)-1-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylaminoethanol hydrochloride Empirical formula:C9H13NO2HCL Chemical structure: Figure 2.4 : Structure of Phenylephrine Hydrochloride 2.4.1 Physical properties Molecular weight:203.67 Appearance and colour: White or practically white odourless crystals Solubility: Freely soluble in water and alcohol Therapeutic category: Phenylephrine is a sympathomimetic amine that acts predominantly on ÃŽ ±-adrenergic receptors. It is mainly used to treat nasal congestion, but may also be useful in treating hypotension and shock, hypotension during spinal anaesthesia, prolongation of spinal anaesthesia, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, symptomatic relief of external or internal hemorrhoids, and to increase blood pressure as an aid in the diagnosis of heart murmurs. Dosage: Cream, Solution, Ointment, Injection, Liquid, Tablet, Suppository 2.4.2 Pharmacology In general, ÃŽ ±1-adrenergic receptors mediate contraction and hypertrophic growth of smooth muscle cells. ÃŽ ±1-receptors are 7-transmembrane domain receptors coupled to G proteins, Gq/11. Three ÃŽ ±1-receptor subtypes, which share approximately 75% homology in their transmembrane domains, have been identified: ÃŽ ±1A (chromosome 8), ÃŽ ±1B (chromosome 5), and ÃŽ ±1D (chromosome 20). Phenylephrine appears to act similarly on all three receptor subtypes. All three receptor subtypes appear to be involved in maintaining vascular tone. The ÃŽ ±1A-receptor maintains basal vascular tone while the ÃŽ ±1B-receptor mediates the vasocontrictory effects of exogenous ÃŽ ±1-agonists. Activation of the ÃŽ ±1-receptor activates Gq-proteins, which results in intracellular stimulation of phospholipases C, A2, and D. This results in mobilization of Ca2+ from intracellular stores, activation of mitogen-activated kinase and PI3 kinase pathways and subsequent vasoconstriction. Phenylephrine produces its local and systemic actions by acting on ÃŽ ±1-adrenergic receptors peripheral vascular smooth muscle. Stimulation of the ÃŽ ±1-adrenergic receptors results in contraction arteriolar smooth muscle in the periphery. Phenylephrine decreases nasal congestion by acting on ÃŽ ±1-adrenergic receptors in the arterioles of the nasal mucosa to produce constriction; this leads to decreased edema and increased drainage of the sinus cavities. 2.5 Profile of Dextromethorphan (79) Chemical name:(1R,9R,10R) 4 methoxy 17 methyl – 17 azatetracyclo[7.5.3.0{1,10}.0{2,7}]heptadeca-2,4,6-triene Empirical formula:C18H25NO Chemical structure: Figure 2.5 : Structure of Dextromethorphan 2.5.1 Physical properties Molecular weight:271.39 Appearance and colour: It is a White crystalline powder Solubility: 1-5 g/100 mL at 21 Â ºC Therapeutic category: Dextromethorphan usually used in the treatment of respiratory infections and allergic conditions Dosage: Tablet , Syrup, Capsule, Suspension 2.5.2 Pharmacology Dextromethorphan is an opioid-like drug that binds to and acts as antagonist to the NMDA glutamatergic receptor, it is an agonist to the opioid sigma 1 and sigma 2 receptors, it is also an alpha3/beta4 nicotinic receptor antagonist and targets the serotonin reuptake pump. Dextromethorphan is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, where it enters the bloodstream and crosses the blood-brain barrier. The first-pass through the hepatic portal vein results in some of the drug being metabolized into an active metabolite of dextromethorphan, dextrorphan, the 3-hydroxy derivative of dextromethorphan. 2.6 Profile of Diphenhydramine (80) Chemical name: 2-(diphenylmethoxy)-N,N-dimethylethanamine Empirical formula:C17H21NO HCL Chemical structure: Figure 2.6 : Structure of Diphenhydramine 2.6.1 Physical properties Molecular weight:291.82 Appearance and colour: It is a White crystalline powder Solubility: Soluble in DMSO, acetone, water Therapeutic category: Diphenhydramineis a first-generationantihistamine possessing anticholinergic, antitussive, antiemetic, and sedative properties that is mainly used to treat allergies. It is also used in the management of drug-induced parkinsonism and other extrapyramidal symptoms. The drug has a strong hypnotic effect and is FDA-approved as a non-prescription sleep aid, especially in the form of diphenhydramine citrate Dosage: Capsule 2.6.2 Pharmacology Diphenhydramine is an inverse agonist of the histamineH1receptor. It is a member of the ethanolamine class of antihistaminergic agents. By blocking the effects of histamine on the capillaries, it can reduce the intensity of allergic symptoms. Diphenhydramine also crosses the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and antagonizes the H1 receptors centrally. Its effects on central H1 receptors cause drowsiness. Like many other first-generation antihistamines, diphenhydramine is also a potent antimuscarinic (a competitive antagonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors), and, as such, at high doses can cause anticholinergic syndrome. The utility of diphenhydramine as

The Transcontinental Railroad Essay -- Transportation, Railroad Compa

The Transcontinental railroad could be defined as the most monumental change in America in the 19th century. The railroad played a significant role in westward expansion and on the growth and development of the American economy (Gillon p.653). However, the construction of the transcontinental railroad may not have occurred if not for the generous support of the federal government. The federal government provided land grants and financial subsidies to railroad companies to ensure the construction. The transcontinental railroad contributed to the formation of industry and the market economy in America and forever altered the American lifestyle. The Pacific Railroad bill of 1862 launched the transcontinental railroad construction project. The Pacific Railroad bill granted 6,400 acres of public lands and government loans ranging from $16,000 to $48,000 per mile of track completed to the Union Pacific Railroad and Central Pacific Railroad companies. (Pacific Railroad Bill) Following the Pacific Railroad bill a series of federal and state acts between 1862 and 1871 granted more than 130 million acres of public land and supplied additional monetary loans of approximately $150 million dollars to the expansion of the railroads. (Gillon p.652) There is no refuting that the railroad companies transformed business operations and encouraged industrial expansion. The raw materials required for construction of the transcontinental railroad directly resulted in the expansion of the steel, lumber and stone industries. (Gillon p.652) The railroad stimulated growth in manufacturing and agriculture providing an efficient manner to ship raw materials and products throughout the country. Which in turn, increased consumerism and introduced t... ...ich developed new corporations. (Gillon p.652) Many in the railroad industry and these newly developed corporations were accused of price fixing, providing illegal kick- backs and challenging government regulations. (Gillon p.652-657) Thus, one could argue that the railroad industry and the titans it produced had a monopolistic approach to business that actually challenged the free market system. In the end, the transcontinental railroad changed the American landscape both physically and culturally. It formed the foundation for the industrial economy, it produced new business practices and management style of large workforces. It helped established government regulations, taxation and support of public transportation. Above all it drastically changed the American lifestyle, changed where people lived, how they shopped, how they ate, and how they worked.